![]() Further, even though concrete knowledge of genotypic links has been established for some variants of syndactyly and polydactyly, there appears to be no single comprehensive published summary of all syndromic and nonsyndromic syndactyly and polydactyly presentations, and there is decidedly no resource that maps all syndromic and nonsyndromic syndactylies and polydactylies to their genetic bases. Despite their relatively regular manifestation in the clinic, the etiologies of syndactyly and polydactyly remain poorly understood because of their phenotypic and genetic diversity. Syndactyly and polydactyly-respectively characterized by fused and supernumerary digits-are among the most common congenital limb malformations, with syndactyly presenting at an estimated incidence of 1 in 2,000–3,000 live births and polydactyly at a frequency of 1 in approximately 700–1,000 live births. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. ![]() This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. ![]() Akbari, MD, PhD, 76 Grenville St., Room 6421, Toronto, ON, M5S 1B2, Canada, E-mail: The Article Processing Charge was paid for by the authors. Received for publication Maaccepted September 6, 2017.ĭisclosure: The authors have no financial interest to declare in relation to the content of this article. From the *Women’s College Research Institute, Women’s College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada †Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada ‡Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hazrat Fatemeh Hospital, Burn Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran and §Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. ![]()
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